Journal of Genetic and Environment Conservation
Aim and Scope Iraqi peer-reviewed journal publishes original articles, reviews and short communications of a high scientific and ethical standard research papers in general biology and environment conservation which included genetics, chemistry, physiology, biotechnology, environment, geology and related areas. The journal subjects also covered animal science, animal welfare, management, breeding, cell biology, animal products, biodiversity, biological chemistry, forestry, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, pollution, plant science, pharmacology, toxicology, virology, zoology, anatomy, pathology and fisheries. Journal of Genetic and Environment Consnservation is open access and print journal published 2 issues per a year. Abbreviated key title: J. Genet. Environ. Conserv. Former title: Journal of Genetic and Environmental Resources Conservation (JGERC)
Palmtree Environmental and Agricultural Organization
Epidemiological study on the extent of pneumonia infection among children in the Holy Karbala Governorate for the year 2025
Pneumonia is considered one of the most dangerous acute respiratory infections, as it leads to the accumulation of fluid and pus in the alveoli, which impairs gas exchange and poses a major health threat, particularly in developing countries. This study aims to analyze the epidemiological distribution of the disease by examining demographic factors such as age and sex, alongside seasonal patterns, in order to identify the populations most vulnerable to infection and the periods of peak incidence. The study included a total sample of 905 cases, with data distributed and statistically analyzed across four age groups ranging from under one year to 14 years. Comparisons were also made according to sex and monthly temporal distribution throughout the year. The results revealed that children aged 1–4 years were the most vulnerable to infection, accounting for 378 cases (42%), while the age group of 10–14 years recorded the lowest infection rate at 14%. A clear disparity was observed in favor of males, who accounted for 59.6% of total cases compared to 40.4% for females, yielding a male-to-female ratio of approximately 1.5:1. September recorded the highest peak of infections at 16.0%, followed by April at 13.5%, indicating that the disease is predominantly concentrated during seasonal transition periods. Furthermore, the results revealed a marked concentration of infections in urban areas (the city), accounting for 57.8% of cases compared to 42.2% in rural areas, with a difference of 15.6 percentage points. The study concludes that the risk of contracting pneumonia decreases progressively with age, correlating with the increasing efficiency of the immune system. The data also confirm that males consistently outnumber females in infections across all age groups and throughout all months of the year. These findings necessitate strengthening preventive and diagnostic measures, particularly during the identified seasonal peak periods.
Pneumonia, Children, Holy Karbala, Inflammatory Exudate
The role of chromium compounds in reproduction, immune response and general health status
Chromium (Cr), a first-series transition metal with a standard atomic mass of approximately 52 g/mol, plays a sophisticated role as an essential trace element in human and animal physiology. Characterized by its diverse oxidation states most notably the highly stable Cr3+ this micronutrient functions primarily as a biochemical potentiator of insulin action. Through the activation of the low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance, chromodulin, chromium amplifies insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity, thereby facilitating efficient glucose uptake and the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Beyond glycemic control, chromium serves as a critical modulator of lipid profiles, stimulating lipase activity to reduce very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) while elevating high density lipoproteins (HDL). Deficiencies in chromium have been linked to impaired lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and, in neonatal contexts, significant growth retardation or developmental delays. Furthermore, chromium exhibits immunomodulatory properties, influencing both innate and adaptive immune responses. This synthesis highlights the necessity of meeting gender specific Adequate Intake (AI) levels 35 µg/day for men and 25 µg/day for women to maintain metabolic homeostasis and prevent chronic gestational and systemic pathologies.
: Chromium, Insulin sensitivity, Chromodulin, Lipid metabolism, Immunomodulation, Trace elements
Genetic elements of GM rice events based on BCH and ISAAA databases: A Review
The increasing global use of genetically modified (GM) crops has raised significant concerns regarding biosafety, traceability, and regulatory monitoring, particularly for rice as a staple food crop. This study aimed to analyze genetically modified rice events registered in international biosafety databases, including the Biosafety Clearing-House (BCH) and the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA), in order to identify commonly used genetic elements and evaluate their applicability in molecular detection strategies. The results revealed that several functional genes are consistently used in GM rice development, particularly insect resistance genes (cry1Ab and cry1Ac), herbicide tolerance genes (bar and pat), and selectable marker genes such as Hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hpt). In addition, regulatory elements including the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and the nopaline synthase (NOS) terminator were frequently identified across multiple events. These elements represent conserved components of transformation constructs and are widely utilized in PCR-based GMO detection. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that only a limited number of GM rice events currently retain valid international regulatory approvals, primarily for food and feed use. The recurrence of specific genetic elements among these events provides a practical basis for developing efficient screening strategies. A stepwise molecular detection approach based on common regulatory elements followed by event-specific confirmation is proposed as an effective framework for GMO identification. This study highlights the importance of integrating biosafety database information with molecular detection tools to enhance the monitoring of genetically modified rice in food systems. The findings provide valuable insights for regulatory authorities and research laboratories in designing reliable and cost-effective GMO detection protocols.
Genetically modified rice, BCH, ISAAA, Regulatory approval, Molecular detection, PCR
Effect of ultrasound treatments on quality characteristics of table eggs during refrigerator storage
Ultrasound was used as a green technology to preserve food and food products. So, an experiment was conducted to compare three periods of ultrasound treatment of table eggs, 1, 2, and 3 minutes, using a conventional ultrasound device, in terms of quality characteristics, which included yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, white height, yolk weight, percentage and egg components percentage during 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of refrigerated storage. A total of 240 fresh table eggs (red-shell eggs) were collected randomly from a flock of 20,000 Lohmann laying hens at Al-Amir Commercial Project Farm in Al-Musayyab city, Iraq. The eggs were divided into 4 treatments (60 eggs/treatment); T1: control, T2: ultrasound for 1 min. T3: ultrasound for 2 min. and T4: ultrasound for 3 min. The results of quality characteristics showed no significant differences between treatments up to two weeks of storage, then significant differences appeared in yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, white height, yolk weight of the ultrasound treatments eggs compared with control treatment which recorded the lowest quality characteristics after refrigerator storage for 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The second and third treatments (treatment with ultrasound for 1 and 2 minutes) recorded the best egg yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, white height, yolk weight and percentage, and egg white weight and percentage. Concluded that treating table eggs with ultrasound for 1 or 2 min. didn’t affect internal quality characteristics of table eggs during storage in the refrigerator.
Quality characteristics, Storage, Table eggs, Ultrasound
PCR technique and CT values to detection the flowering gene ZmCCT9 in maize inbreds and single hybrids
The current study aimed to molecularly detect and determine the gene expression of the flowering gene in maize inbreds and their individual hybrids using RT-PCR technique and CT values. The correlation between flowering time and the expression of the flowering gene also studied through phenotypic data related to flowering times. RNA extracted from the seeds of the studied samples using standardized methods. The extracted RNA then converted to cDNA using the reverse transcriptase enzyme. The results indicated that inbred number 11 (ZM74) gave the highest CT cycle value of 23.63 cycles (indicating a low initial amount of mRNA, which means low gene expression). The single hybrid F1 (3×15) ZAI17WR× Zi17WZ gave the lowest CT value of 21.50 cycles (indicating a large initial amount of mRNA for the flowering gene in the hybrid, which means that the gene expression for flowering gene is high). The reason for this finding attributed to the potential differences in the gene expression of the flowering gene among different inbreds and their single hybrids. These differences caused by genetic variations in the flowering gene itself, regulatory elements such as transposons that control the gene's expression, or influences from other genetic sites. The results can also help in developing inbred lines and single hybrids with higher efficiency in flowering and grain yield by understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the flowering process in maize.
Maize, Genotypes, RT-PCR, Inbred lines, Single hybrids
Greywater recycling as a strategy for water conservation and addressing the water scarcity crisis: A review
As global freshwater resources diminish due to climate change and urbanization, the transition from a linear "use-and-dispose" model to a circular water economy is critical. Escalating global water scarcity demands innovative strategies to decouple urban growth from freshwater depletion. Greywater recycling as a critical demand-side management tool for sustainable water conservation. Greywater, defined as domestic wastewater generated from washbasins, showers, and laundry but excluding toilet discharge, constitutes 50–80% of total household effluent. By adopting a "fit-for-purpose" approach, this underutilized resource can be treated and diverted for non-potable applications such as irrigation and toilet flushing, effectively substituting high-quality potable water. The analysis highlights that implementing on-site greywater recycling systems can reduce household freshwater consumption by 30–50%, while simultaneously alleviating hydraulic loads on centralized sewage infrastructure. Furthermore, the paper reviews various treatment technologies ranging from simple physical filtration to advanced biological disinfection required to mitigate health risks and ensure safe recycle. Ultimately, the study concludes that greywater recycling provides essential resilience against drought and infrastructure strain, positioning it as an indispensable component of integrated water resource management and sustainable urban planning in arid and semi-arid regions. This article provides a detailed technical classification of wastewater types, explores advanced and passive greywater recycling methodologies, and presents water quality standards for safe recycle based on WHO and EPA guidelines.
Greywater, Recycling, Water Conservation, Water Scarcity
Environmental changes and water scarcity and their impact on sustainable development in Iraq: A review
Aims of this study were with an emphasis on water resource management as a crucial component in accomplishing Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) - ensuring that everyone has access to clean water and sanitation. This study attempts to examine how environmental changes and water scarcity affect sustainable development in Iraq. The study's foundation is a thorough analysis of the literature, official and international reports, and statistical information from national agencies, the UN, and the World Bank. It looks at how Iraq's water resources are affected by pollution, population expansion, upstream water policy, and climate change. The study also looks at the environmental and socioeconomic effects of water shortage, such as how it affects internal migration, agriculture, health, and food security. The results show that decreased flows in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, rising temperatures, upstream building, and growing water demand are putting Iraq's water resources under extreme strain. Soil and water salinity, reduced agricultural production, threats to food security, health risks, and environmental degradation are all consequences of water scarcity. The precarious state of water availability in Iraq is reflected in the countries above 80% water stress, which has an impact on social stability and sustainable development. Conclusions, Iraq's sustainable growth is seriously threatened by environmental changes and water scarcity. The problem is made worse by Trans- boundary water regulations, poor infrastructure, and inefficient water management. To reduce risks and ensure long-term water, food, and environmental sustainability, integrated water resources management, regional cooperation, and climate-adaptive solutions are crucial.
Water Scarcity, Environmental Change, Sustainable Development, Climate Change, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)
The role of renewable energy in environmental protection for achieving sustainable development and a green economy: A review
The aims of this research are to utilize clean and renewable energy sources in the context of sustainable development and the transition to a green economy. Since clean and renewable energy sources are essential for sustainable development and are essential resources that support a wide range of human activities, it is necessary to ensure the sustainability and continuity of the required and sufficient quantity of these resources to meet the needs of present and future generations in a fair manner and in a clean and healthy environment free of all forms of pollution. Compared to traditional depleting energy sources such as coal, oil and other fossil fuels, the generated energies also support energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, environmental sustainability is an essential part of human development. Since the environment is an integral part of our daily lives and its sustainability must be emphasized in the sense that using too little does not meet human needs and using too much leaves negative environmental impacts. In order to preserve traditional non-renewable resources such as coal, oil, etc., renewable energy relies on sustainable natural sources such as the sun, wind, and water. Moreover, the creation of renewable energy reduces waste production compared to traditional power plants, which reduces the occurrence of environmental pollution. Moreover, as countries, regional organizations, and international organizations, the world’s top priority is sustainable development. Moreover, energy is the basic force and active component of all growth and development processes. It is the basic component of all economic sectors and forms part of human existence. Moreover, all energies consumed globally are traditional and unsustainable.
Renewable energy, Sustainable development, Greenhouse gases, Conventional energy, Environmental pollution, Clean environment, Waste management
Effect of deltamethrin on the cement surface of different stages of Trogoderma granarium (Coleoptera: Dermestida) at laboratory
The study examined the effects of all concentrations of deltamethrin pesticide concentrations (750, 1000, 1500 and 2000) ppm on indirect treatment (cement) and exposure periods (5,7,8,9,10) days, respectively, with the highest percentage larvae inhibition rates at 2000 ppm and 7-day exposure periods, and the lowest at 750 ppm, and 7-day exposure periods The study found that deltamethrin concentrations significantly affected adults mortality rates with the highest percentages observed at concentration 2000 ppm and 8-day exposure, and lowest at 750 ppm. The study examined the effects of different concentrations of deltametherin on mortality rates in the adult phase, with the highest mortality rates at concentration 2000 and exposure period of the first day. while the lowest percentages were at concentration 750 ppm.
Pesticide, Indirect effect, Khapra beetle, Control, Cement treatment
Molecular detection of the flowering gene ZmCCT9 gene appearance in six maize varieties using PCR and fluorescence capillary gel electrophoresis techniques with different flowering times
This experiment was conducted at the laboratories of Al-Musayyib Bridge Company for Molecular Analysis in 2024 to investigate the appearance or non-appearance of the flowering gene among six maize varieties. Four of these varieties are Egyptian, (coded as TW-78, TW-345, IY-355, and IY-207), and two are local (Baghdad-3 and Al-Maha). In this study, we used DNA markers based on PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and electrophoresis techniques, where forward and reverse primers for the flowering gene were utilized to distinguish between varieties in terms of flowering time, whether early or late flowering, based on the appearance or non-appearance of the flowering gene. The results indicated that the primer pairs used with the target flowering gene are highly efficient in diagnosing the genetic performance among the selected varieties based on the differences in their flowering times, using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and gel electrophoresis techniques. The results indicate that: the Egyptian variety IY-355 did not show any band in the PCR reaction for the flowering gene, evidence that this variety does not possess the target gene. Consequently, it may flower over a wide thermal range (long days). Genes or genetic loci may influence the trait of early or delayed flowering. Further studies are needed. Egyptian varieties (TW-78, TW-345 and IT-207) and local varieties (Baghdad 3 and Al-Maha) showed a unique single band with a molecular weight of 400 bp, indicating the recognition of the forward and reverse primers for the flowering gene on similar sequences in the DNA of the varieties and considering it a genetic fingerprint to distinguish between them. This will assist in developing superior varieties to increase grain yield and achieve self-sufficiency. As well as developing the genotype and expanding the genetic base of the maize corn crop. So to benefit from those results in selecting and determining the most suitable and appropriate method in programs for cultivating maize to obtain genotype with high productivity and promising traits.
Antibiotics resistance genes in the environment, risk factors and control: A review
Antibiotics resistance represents a global threat affecting human, animal and environment. Incorrect and over use of antibiotics in medicine, animal husbandry and agriculture leading to the continuous discharge of residual antibiotics into the environment which promote the spread of resistance genes. This review focus on antibiotics resistant genes, risk factors associated with its spread in the environment and control measurements. Environmental pollution, poor hygiene and untreated waste were characterized as major risk factors in the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant strain. Resistance can arise through genetic mutation or acquisition of new genetic material which can transfer between bacteria through genetic exchange that facilitate the spread of resistance pathogens. Strict management strategies especially promising drug combination, stewardship programs should be applied to increase antibiotic efficacy for treatment bacterial infections.
Antibiotics, Antibiotics resistant genes, Bacteria, environment, Risk factors, Control measurements.
Ultrasound application as a new green technology for preservation of table eggs: A review
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in research demonstrating the new and diverse uses of non-thermal food processing technologies, including more efficient mixing and blending processes, faster energy and mass transfer, lower temperature and selective extraction, reduced thermal and concentration gradients, reduced equipment size, faster response to extraction control, faster start-up, increased production, and a reduction in the number of steps in preparation and processing. Applications of ultrasound technology have indicated that this technology has a promising and significant future in the food industry and preservation, and there is a wide scope for its use due to the higher purity of final products and the elimination of undesirable sensory qualities, as well as the fact that this technology consumes only a fraction of the time and energy required compared to traditional processing and preservation methods and techniques. Therefore, ultrasound is considered a non-thermal processing and preservation technology that has the potential to be a suitable alternative to thermal food processing technologies. Ultrasound is a form of energy generated by sound waves at various frequencies too high to be detected by the human ear, i.e., frequencies above 16 kHz. Ultrasound technology has gained wider applications in food industry and enhancing the extraction of valuable compounds from vegetables and food products.
Ultrasound technology, Table eggs, Preservation, Bacterial inactivation
Some physiological hormones in relation with autism disease in children boys: A review
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with unclear pathogenesis. Children with autism are classically characterized by deficits in language and social interactions as well as displays of odd or repetitive behaviors. Though historically considered relatively rare, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report currently estimates that an average of 1 in 111 children in the U.S. have an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with a gender bias of 4–5 times more males than females having ASD (Rice 2009). Despite this relatively high prevalence, our understanding of the neurodevelopmental biology and pathophysiology of these disorders remains limited. Many clinical observations and hormone studies have suggested the involvement of the neuroprotective hormone ghrelin in autism and other hormones such as: growth hormone (GH), leptin, cortisol, serotonin and oxytocin.
Autism, Ghrelin, Oxytocin, Growth hormone, Serotonin, Leptin, Hydrocortisone
Evaluation of noise pollution and its effects on the blood pressure of female workers in the clothing industry in Al-Najaf city, Iraq
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of noise pollution on blood pressure in female workers in the men's clothing industry in Najaf, Iraq. Sound level measurements were conducted using a sound level meter in three factories in the men's clothing industry. Additionally, the study also included measuring the blood pressure of 60 female workers in three factories in the men's clothing industry. The results indicated that the highest mean A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level (LAeq) and maximum sound level (Lmax) during morning hours belonged to the sewing department, while the ironing department had the lowest mean LAeq and minimum sound level (Lmin) in the men's suit production factory. Additionally, the study revealed that the mean equivalent noise levels in the men's suit production factory across all departments during morning hours exceeded those in the administration department. In addition, the study recorded a significant elevation (p< 0.05) in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and heart pulse rate among female workers in the sewing department compared to other departments in the health and general products lab factory. The results showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in the average values of blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) and heart pulse rate of female workers in all apartments of the health and general products lab factory compared with the control.
Noise pollution, Blood pressure, Clothing industry, Female workers
Histological study about testicular tissue damage induced by monosodium glutamate and the ameliorative effect of curcumin in male albino rats
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a sodium and glutamic acid salt. It is most often used in food processing as a flavoring enhancer. Due to its distinct flavor, monosodium glutamate, a non-essential amino acid in the human body, has been used extensively as a food additive since 1909. The purpose of the study was to explore the toxic and detrimental effects of monosodium glutamate as well as the protective function of curcumin in male albino rats. The evaluation criteria are determined by histological measurements and relative testes organ weight. Forty male rats (Rattus norvegicus) were utilized, and they were divided into four groups, with ten rats in each group. The first group received distilled water as a control, followed by group that received 100 mg of curcumin per kilogram of body weight, 20 mg of monosodium glutamate per kilogram of body weight, and monosodium glutamate plus curcumin group for 30 days. This study detected damages in testes tissues of monosodium glutamate treated group and monosodium glutamate plus curcumin group compared with controls. The study also displayed slightly histopathological damages in testes tissue in group was administrated monosodium glutamate plus curcumin compared with group which was administrated monosodium glutamate only. The results reported significant decrement (p≤0.05) of relative testes weight in animal group that was treated by monosodium glutamate, monosodium glutamate plus curcumin in comparison with controls. Additionally, the results identified the positive role of curcumin in significantly (p≤0.05) enhancing monosodium glutamate adverse effects on relative testes weight.
Monosodium glutamate, Curcumin, Testicular damage
Morphometric parameters analysis of white and brown Domyati ducks (Local Mallard in Egypt)
Morphometric traits or body conformation traits also called linear body measurements are important in predicting marketing body weight especially for commercial breeders and producers. The total number of reared Domyati ducklings are 168 hatched, at marketing age (8 wks.) 44 brown and 14 white Domyati ducks were used to estimate the body weight and body measurements such as shank length (ShL), keel length (KL), body circumference (BC), breast length (BrL), breast width (BrW), beak width (BL), and body length (BL). Our results showed that there is no significant difference between both white and brown Domyati ducks for body measurements. There was high positive correlation among body weight and body measurements on both white and brown Domyati ducks, especially in brown line. With respect to regression analysis, the R2 was higher for body measurements of white Domyati duck, while it was lower on brown Domyati ducks. The correlation was positive in both phenotypes but was higher in the Domyati brown duck, and there was a clear difference in the regression analysis between the two phenotypes in of Domyati ducks. The R2 was lower in brown Domyati duck, while the R2 was higher on white Domyati duck for most studied body measurements. In conclusion, there was a feather color effect on linear regression models and correlation among body weight and body measurements.
Feather color, Body measurements, Pearson correlation, Linear & Nonlinear Regression, Native Mallard duck, Domyati duck.
Epidemiological study on the incidence of rabies in holy Karbala Governorate: 2020 to 2024
Rabies is a zoonotic disease with a global prevalence, affecting both humans and animals. Due to the importance of the disease, this topic was selected to understand the epidemiology of rabies and its relation to certain demographic characteristics. Data were collected from the years 2020 to 2024 from the (CDD) Communicable Diseases Division in Karbala Governorate. The statistics included (number of cases, age, sex, infection during the months of the year, and residential areas). The results revealed that the total number of rabies cases for both sexes was (2217) with (1247) cases in males by (56.25%) while (970) cases in females by (43.75%). This result shows that the infection rate in females is lower than in males. It was observed that the highest number of infections occurred in the years 2022 and 2023, with (545 and 537) cases, respectively, representing by (24.582%) and (24.221%). The lowest number of infections was recorded in (2024) in number (322) cases, representing by (14.524%). The highest infection rates in age groups were observed in adolescents and young adults (10-14) years and (15-19) years, while the lowest infection rates were seen in very young children (1-4) years and the elderly (≥ 65 years). A clear variation was noted between urban and rural areas, with higher infection rates in rural areas compared to urban areas.
Rabies, Zoonotic disease, Epidemiology, Karbala Governorate, Communicable Diseases Division (CDD), Incidence.
Zahra M. Al-Hakak, Mohammad A.A. Kadhim, Aleem M. Kudhar
The efficacy of antibiotics reduction activity against chronic kidney diseases caused bacteria
The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of antibiotics activity against some chronic kidney diseases (CKD) caused bacteria. Three pediatric hospitals in Baghdad were included in this study which were Al-Mansour pediatric, Child's central and Al-Kadimiya. In this study some bacteria were isolated from children, then their susceptibility towards selected antibiotics were detected. Nitrofurantoin was the potent antibiotic whereas Gentamicin has the lowest effect against bacterial UTIs.
Some immunological effects of Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa L. calyces in albino mice
It was aimed to evaluate the immunological effects of cold and hot aqueous extracts of H. sabdariffa calyces in albino mice. Three oral doses (9.78, 19.56 and 29.34 mg/mouse for cold extract, and 13.72, 27.44 and 41.16 mg/mouse for hot extract) of each extract were evaluated, in addition to the immune suppressive drug etoposide (0.05 mg/mouse/day) and interferon (0.25 mg/mouse/day). Metaphase index, T-rosette formation (bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes) and ADA specific activity (serum and thymus) in the investigated organs were significantly decreased in animals treated with etopside as compared with normal controls, while in mice treated with calyx extracts of H. sabdariffa, the investigated parameters were significantly enhanced, especially at the third dose of both extract, and such dose almost shared the effect of interferon in mice treated with it. It was almost universal to observe that hot extract was better than the cold extract. These findings suggests the immune enhancement effects of the investigated extract, and they were in a dose-dependent manner.
Estimation parameters of the kid's growth curve in Tunisia goat by using Gompertz model
Data issued from 16 years periodical weighing was used to adjust growth curve before 5 months age of 1687 suckled kids. Among tested models, the iterative procedure allowed to identify the Gompertz model as the best to adjust kid's growth evolution. Curve parameters of male and female were fitted by Gompertz model after about 22 and 18 iterations with a CD value of 71% and 72% respectively. The growth curve adjustment helps to a better herd management and kid's fattening according to each genotype potentialities.
Effect of ecological factors on the distribution of earthworms in Baghdad
Monthly earthworm samples were collected from four sites in the vicinity of Baghdad. The sites included citrus and palm orchard, vegetable field, Tigris river bank and a house garden. Records of soil temperature, PH, moisture, texture and organic matter content were also measured at all sampling sites. Soil temperature ranged between 10C° to 43C° as recorded during February and August respectively. Values of PH have ranged between 4.4 to 6.5. Soil moisture and Organic matter content were highest in river bank’s samples, 66.6% and 3.82% respectively. However, lowest soil moisture and organic matter percentage were 25.21% and 2.30% recorded at the vegetable field and the palm orchard respectively. All sites were characterized by loamy acidic reactive soils.
Distribution of liver and lung helminthic infections among slaughtered animals in Kirkuk abattoir
The aim of this study was to determined the distribution rate of some parasitic helminthes in liver and lung among slaughtered ruminants and demonstrated seasonal factor effect on helminthic infections. Across section study was conducted in domestic ruminant to determine the prevalence and risk factor of helminthiasis, a total of 199738 domestic ruminants slaughtered in Kirkuk abattoirs during 2009-2011. The study revealed that the overall prevalence of helminthiasis in domestic ruminant was 5048(2.5%), the species level prevalence of helminthiasis was1379 (10.2%) and 25(6.3%) in cattle and buffaloes, in sheep and goat 3138(2.3%) and306 (1.6%) respectively and lower rate of the infection in calve was 200(0.5%). Hydatid cyst were the most prevalent parasite 3325(1.6%) followed by liver flukes 1242(0.6%) then lung worms 481(0.2%). The highest rate of infection with hydatid cyst was in cattle and buffalo 744(5.5%), 9(2.2%) respectively followed in sheep and goat were 2174(1.6%) and 219(1.1%). liver flukes investigation were higher in cattle and buffalo 436 (3.2%), 9(2.2%) respectively then in sheep, goat 718(0.5%) and 64(0.3%), while lung worms were higher infection in buffalo and cattle 7(1.7%) and199 (1.4%) followed by sheep and goat 246(0.1%) and 23(0.1%) respectively. According to seasonal variation the inflectional rate of helminthiasis in summer was indicated higher percentage of helminthes 1468(29%) and in autumn 1385(27.4%) followed by in winter 1254(24.8%) then in spring 943 (18.6%). Hydatid cyst showed highly percentage in summer 1025(30.8%) and autumn889 (26.7%) then in winter 818(24.6%) and spring was593 (17.8%). While infection rate of liver flukes were higher in autumn and summer 366(29.4%), 359(28.9%) respectively then in winter 289(23.2%) in spring 228(18.3%), another parasitic type lung worms were higher in winter146 (30.3%) followed by infection in autumn 130(27%) and spring 122(25.3%) then in summer 84(17.4%).
Grain size, sorting and matrix as indicators of energy of depositional environment of Tanuma formation east of Baghdad
Sorting, groundmass and roundness degree is used as an indicators that referred to depositional environment energy for the formation of Tanuma through checking (90) thin sections of rocks samples collected in the studied area in the east of Baghdad. Results revealed that Tanuma formation was divided into three energy water areas and this has been shown through energy curves which in turn depends on grain size, sorting and groundmass. The formation located in low energy curves. In words, it located in quiet deep water. Basically, the formation consisted of limestone with groundmass of micrit.
Effects of Kids birth characteristics on the weight growth under pastoral husbandry
About 722 local kids’ individual weights were carried out under pastoral conditions on range lands in arid zone. The weighing protocol was used to estimate the growth curves by kids’ gender and to estimate kids’ weights at some ages. Data was analyzed to establish the impacts of the kids’ gender, the birth mode (litter size) and mother age upon kids’ weights at ages 1, 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 days. A GLM procedure and a means comparison test (SNK, α = 0.05) were applied to identify the magnitude of the statistical effects of the studied fixed factors on the kids phenotypes. The Gompertz model was applied on data file to assess and adjust the growth curve depending to analyzed factors. All factors seem affecting kids’ growth especially at early ages, and the sex, birth mode and mother age acts only during the first 2 months age by varying significantly the kids’ weights. Regarding the arid zone conditions, the kid’s weight kinetic after birth seems respecting the forage scarcity and irregularities. Such growing behaviour illustrates the local population adaptation to the harsh environment by realizing the essential of growth since young age and during the favourable short period.
Sedimentological study of Tanuma formation east of Baghdad
Tanuma formation was subsurface studied in the east of Baghdad city through checking (90) thin sections. The formation is checked in terms of mineral aspect and some fossils are recognized. The formation consists of dolomite in the form of rhomboid crystals within micrite ground mass. The most significant fossils are planktonic and benotic foraminifera, this study indicated that Tanuma formation is depositional environment .
Microbial and chemical quality of bottled drinking water in Baghdad
The object of this study was to determined microbial and chemical quality of imported and locally produced bottled drinking water in Baghdad city during 2011 – 2012. Forty commercial marks of bottled drinking water size o.5 l were sampled to determined total bacterial count (TBC), total coliform count (TCC), Streptococcus spp. count (Strep. C) and anaerobic bacterial count (ABC), also pH and total dissolved soluble (TDS) were determined as chemical quality. Results appeared that twenty third of total samples (57.5%) were not qualify for used as drinking water due to high load of ABC, where as FCC and ABC not detected in all studied samples, pH and TDS values were differed significantly among commercial bottled drinking water.
Study of sexual dimorphism in Iraqi freshwater fish Barbus luteus
The comparison between two sexes of Iraqi freshwater fish Barbus luteus that was fished from Tigris river at Baghdad during 2005, revealed that: the distance from head edge to the anal orifice & from head edge to the dorsal fin were larger in males than females. Also, the females have dark colored fins with reddish ventral aspect of head and body in comparison with the males during the whole months of study. So, they were considered as permanently sexual dimorphism characteristics . But , during the spawning season (May and June) a more brightening color of male with reddish coloration of both sides of body were noticed in comparison with females with a golden orange corneal coloration in both sexes. Thus they were considered as temporary sexual dimorphism characteristics.
Role of hemodialysis and hepatitis C virus infection in circulating Th1 and Th2 cytokines in patients with chronic renal disease
The present study was performed to evaluate the possible role of Th-1cytokine (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th- 2cytokine (IL-10) in immunopathogenesis of hepatitis C in hemodialysis patients. The sandwich ELISA assay was performed for the detecting the serum levels of these cytokines in 23 hemodialysis HCV positive (HD/HCV+) patients, 20 HD hemodialysis HCV negative (HD/HCV-) patients in comparison with apparently healthy control and non-uremic chronic HCV infected patients. Where, the HCV-positive hemodialysis patients had a blunted TNF-α response (P<0.01) and failed to increase the stimulated IFN-γ (P<0.01) compared with chronic HCV infected patients without renal disease. On the contrary, IL-10 stimulation was higher in HCV-positive hemodialysis patients (P<0.01). The results showed that the disturbed cytokine response appeared to focus in the Th1 because the stimulation of Th2 cytokines (IL-10) was not impaired.
Classification of Bunnei Barbus sharpeyi (Gunther, 1874) and Gattan Barbus xanthopterus (Heckel, 1843) Iraqi fishes by using proteins electrophoretic pattern
The objective of this study was to classification of Bunnei (Barbus sharpeyi) and Gattan (Barbus xanthopterus) Iraqi fishes by using muscle proteins electrophoretic pattern. Ten individuals of Bunni and twelve of Gattan were collected from the region of Al-Siweira in Wasit province at a weight (2000 ± 36) g and an average total length (28 ± 2.5) cm, samples of 1.0 gm of fish muscle were taken from individuals to determined electrophoretic pattern of muscle proteins. Results revealed that electrophoretic pattern of muscle proteins were similar between the two fish species. But, Gattan predominant Bunnei in the number of separated proteins. Gattan muscle proteins were separated into 21 protein bands, whereas Bunni muscle proteins were separated into 16 protein bands. Also, the two fish species were differed in the percentage values of the separated protein bands. No significant variations in the electrophoretic pattern of muscle proteins due to sex within species were noticed. In conclusion, the ability of using electrophoretic pattern of muscle proteins as a good diagnostic tool for Bunnei and Gattan fishes classification.
Repellent effect of aqueous, alcoholic and oil extracts of cumin seeds Cuminum cyminum on the female mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: culicidae)
The research tries to know the impact extruder for extracts of aqueous, alcohol and oily seeds cumin Cuminum cyminum concentration (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20) % and study of their impact extruder on adult mosquitoes, using pigeons as a food source, also tackle to know influence extruder to extract oil at the hands of donors compared with the extruder trade of insect repellent. The results showed more than extracted oil to alcohol and water in the expulsion of adult mosquitoes and for all concentrations was the percentage of expulsions (50.00, 81.50 and 93.33)%, respectively, it is clear from that the extracted oil has provided high protection to areas of treatment pigeons body for the duration of the experiment, and the results showed that treatment of the hands of donors by oil extract has provided protection for about an hour which is comparable to the period of protection provided by the commercial extruder.