Antibiotics resistance genes in the environment, risk factors and control: A review

Abstract

Antibiotics resistance represents a global threat affecting human, animal and environment. Incorrect and over use of antibiotics in medicine, animal husbandry and agriculture leading to the continuous discharge of residual antibiotics into the environment which promote the spread of resistance genes. This review focus on antibiotics resistant genes, risk factors associated with its spread in the environment and control measurements. Environmental pollution, poor hygiene and untreated waste were characterized as major risk factors in the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant strain. Resistance can arise through genetic mutation or acquisition of new genetic material which can transfer between bacteria through genetic exchange that facilitate the spread of resistance pathogens. Strict management strategies especially promising drug combination, stewardship programs should be applied to increase antibiotic efficacy for treatment bacterial infections.